On August 10-12, the World Science and Technology Innovation Forum was held at the Beijing Convention Center, including more than 20 Nobel Prize winners including Kip Thorne, Thomas J. Sargent, Michael Levitt and Zhu Yuwen, as well as Cao Chunxiao and the National Academy of Engineering. Academician Chen Gang and many other top Chinese and foreign scholars and experts were invited to attend the event to create an unprecedented feast of the highest level of wisdom in China, to explore the achievements of global scientific and technological innovation, and to depict the blueprint for China's technological innovation in the future. We need new materials to meet the aerospace, automotive, and biodegradable materials. There is no optimal material we have in these areas, so we are still waiting for the emergence of these new materials, and this is an evolution. the process of. At the same time, some materials are waiting for new applications, such as CVD diamonds. Diamonds are a very good material. They are the best heat conductors, four times more than copper, and the hardest material in the world, and they are transparent. It is transparent to many spectra, and at the same time it is a very good material. The following is the full text of the speech: Today I will talk about the challenges of materials science and engineering. If you want to know what we need in materials science and engineering now, everyone will go to the Internet to take a look at some of the big institutions that they want to find. For example, we can go to the US Department of Defense website and ask what they need now. What will they tell you? They want to develop a structurally versatile material, want to develop energy materials and power generation materials, and also hope to have electronic materials and photonic materials, functional organic materials, biological and biologically inspired materials. Then these are the materials that they hope to develop in the next few years. From my speech today, I will tell you what progress we have made in materials science. First, let's see how much time it takes to deliver information now? And how much time it takes to transfer people and goods. I just came from Israel and transferred from Hong Kong. It took a long time to get to Beijing. But if you send me a WeChat message to my mobile phone, it may take only one second. Why is this? 60 years ago and today, in the 1950s, more than 60 years ago, we had to transfer goods and goods. From Beijing to Paris, it might take a day to pass the plane, and now it is still one day, nothing has changed. But if your message is to be delivered, for example, a letter you sent to Paris at least one week, but now only one second, why? Why can we transmit information so quickly now, and there is no speed change in the delivery of goods for almost a hundred years, which is related to material science, as well as to the vision and revolution, or change. We say structural metal, it is an evolution, and silicon technology is a revolution and reform, and this is a big change. I talk about the application of materials, we need new materials to meet the materials in aviation, automotive, biodegradable, and there is no optimal material we have in these areas, so we are still waiting for these new materials. Appeared, and this is an evolving process. At the same time, some materials are waiting for new applications, such as CVD diamonds. Diamonds are a very good material. They are the best heat conductors, four times more than copper, and the hardest material in the world, and they are transparent. It is transparent to many spectra, and at the same time it is a very good material. We only had natural diamonds a few years ago, and if we have a lot of diamonds, then this is a very great world. really? Now we have the technology to produce diamonds of any size and any size, producing diamonds by CVD. But you can really use this, the application is very few. There are also quasi-periodic materials, which is my research, and it still has a lot of interesting features in search of these new applications. Of course, diamonds and these materials are now available, but not many. Let's take a look at this application, such as civil aviation, which was an airplane in the 1950s, almost a plane 70 years ago, when it was the best model in the world, it could cross the Atlantic plane, and Now we have the 787 Boeing airplane, which does the same thing as it did 70 years ago but it will be faster, but not faster. Of course, Boeing can do a lot of other functions, but it doesn't have much speed change with the models at the time. In fact, in the past 60 years, we can see that the engine of the aircraft is improving, and on the other hand, it is safer. For example, the accident rate per million flights has improved by 90%, so it is very safe now and safer than driving. In addition, the driving force relative to the weight has improved by 350%, and the current engine is very good. In addition, the fuel efficiency has also improved by 45%, the engine noise has dropped by 35db, and now it has become better, and it can be seen that the aircraft has become better. The plane can now fly far and wide, and can fly people to fly goods. For example, you can fly from any city to any city in China. Everyone can fly, and the price is reasonable. Everyone can do this. One point, so the passage of the plane is now a reasonable price, many people can fly, and many aircraft companies are competing to acquire customers. Where is the problem? First of all, our aircraft is not fast enough, especially not much faster than before, and the door-to-door time is actually about the same as 60 years ago. Of course, if you include, for example, security time, this time will be even more long. For example, you have to go to the airport 2 to 3 hours before departure, but in the past you may not need to arrive at the airport in the first 3 hours, so the door-to-door time does not improve much. It needs better to solve this problem. High-temperature materials can enter the very hot part of the aircraft's engine so that the aircraft can fly faster. The opportunity for this material evolution is good, maybe we can finally get there through evolution, but the possibilities of this revolution are very few, and we do not expect revolutionary changes in such a material science. Let's take a look at the development, application and application of new materials is very long, and it takes a lot of effort to find the right alloy application is the first step. Finding this material is just the beginning. The whole process may take a long time, and dealing with a new alloy is the next step, and it takes a lot of effort, including IQ and financial resources. Such a process may take many years. time. For example, aluminum titanate is a compound of titanium and aluminum, titanium aluminide and titanium aluminide, which may be useful materials. I also did doctoral research many years ago, in the 1970s. I studied the process of deformation of these materials at the time. We went to understand these materials and know their composition. We knew the composition of the material from the 1950s. We know that titanium aluminide and other materials, we can form a better material, we know this from the 1950s. But an engine company took a new material to develop the material, and everyone thought about what happened and put it in the engine of the plane. After a few years, after 40 years of process, we found this material very quickly, but its process and process took 40 years, and this company is a very strong company, very A company with the ability. Then the process of such a product development is what I call a gasoline car to a tram and a train. Tesla has come to the forefront. Japan, South Korea, and Germany are also developing these cars, but until now we don't have a perfect battery. Why is it a battery? This is the Ford T-car. What can the car do now can't do it now? Because the road was not good at the time, the Ford was designed when the condition of the car was very bad. The chassis of the car was very high and could be opened when the road was very bad. But now the car, the road is very good, so we see Tesla's car chassis is very low, these cars can not be opened on the previous road, only the T-car can be opened. I have skipped the battery and talked about biodegradable prosthetic implants. We all know that some people have heart problems. He actually has a good solution. You don't need to do thoracotomy to solve the problem of vascular embolism. You can put a prosthesis in, and the patient can wake up in a short time. Nothing hurts. Put this prosthesis in, open it, and the blood vessel embolization will be solved. But the blood vessels will contract and expand. This will happen every time the heart beats, but the stent won't do it, so it may have a chronic problem. If you have a biodegradable prosthesis, you can solve this problem. For example, after the vascular embolization is resolved, the stent will disappear, it will degrade, and there will be no participation, so there will be no chronic disease. In many cases, this prosthesis is best bio-explainable. The best material to use now is stainless steel, but this material is not biodegradable now. If biodegradable materials are used, either magnesium or aluminum is used. Why is magnesium and aluminum not good? Because the speed of dissolution is not enough, the polymer is not good because the strength is not enough, so there is no good solution now, and still look for a better material on the bracket to make it bio-explainable. What are the trends in materials? I talked about diamonds before, but also about CVD diamonds. Today, because of the limited time, there is no way to introduce the research results of Russian scientist David. He can say that a storm has been caused by scientists. He invented in the 1950s, one day. It is said that diamonds can be generated from the gaseous state. In fact, it is true that diamonds can now be produced by CVD, and any amount can be produced. Let's talk about quasi-periodic materials. Quasi-periodic materials have special characteristics. For example, in terms of conductivity and insulation, under low temperature, its conductivity will decrease. It has many applications in our specific materials. I want to tell you a topic that I want to talk to. In the Bronze Age, probably in 1200 BC, humans discovered iron and began to use iron. But iron is not strong enough compared to the bronze at the time, so even if iron was invented for thousands of years, people would prefer to use bronze. It was not until the 8th century BC that a small amount of carbon was added to the iron to form steel. This material is very very good. Until today, we used a lot of steel in the construction field. Many cars used this kind of steel in the past. Nowadays, many of them use plastic materials, but in the construction industry, many materials are steel. It can be said that steel is a very important metal used now, and it is an alloy. At first, the cost of inventing aluminum was higher than that of making gold, but later found a way to make alloys from ore, and the cost was greatly reduced, so aluminum was widely used. Later, NASA wanted to launch a spacecraft to enter the sun, because the temperature of the sun is very high. The closer the sun is, the higher the temperature. If you go outside today, the temperature is very hot. If you get closer to the sun, the temperature will be more and more. high. How close is the NASA spacecraft to the sun? The highest temperature is 1370 degrees, and the problem is already very high. But how to ensure that the spacecraft is protected from such effects at such temperatures? This material needs to use carbon as a composite, and there is a graphene plate on the outside. This is the best material currently used. It can be insulated. It can maintain the internal temperature of about 30 degrees to ensure the normal operation of the spacecraft, while the outside is painted white to reflect. Radiation does not absorb radiation. The aerospace revolution was initiated by the Wright brothers. In 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first aircraft. The engine was aluminum. The company that produced aluminum was still very successful today. 80% of the copper was added inside, but they didn't know why it was so good, of course we know it now. At that time, it was known that this aluminum-copper alloy was particularly suitable for the engine of an airplane, and many of the engines of automobiles now use this alloy. It is now possible to use metal 3D printing. We call metal additive manufacturing, but the additive manufacturing is not good enough, the speed is not fast enough, and the cost is not low enough. But we have seen such a trend, we are now experiencing this gradual change, we have seen the dawn of the end of the tunnel. Another processing technique is called the extrusion process, in which you can produce a finer metal material that gives it better performance. Finally, the biggest limitation in today's technology is the lack of material technology. We pray that there can be a so-called revolution in material science, rather than a gradual slow development. thank you all.
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