Recently, scientists have created a kind of almost new lithium-ion battery that can still be powered normally after being cut, bent, impacted, immersed in liquid or even ignited. Lithium-ion batteries have shaped the modern world. These batteries are at the heart of most rechargeable devices, from mobile phones and laptops to electric cars. Although lithium-ion batteries can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and the energy density is very high, but also have their own defects.
Lithium ion batteries are toxic and flammable, which means that even the smallest damage can cause the lithium ion battery to explode.
A group of researchers led by a physicist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory believes that safer batteries can be invented. In the past five years, they have been developing a lithium-ion battery that will not fail. In 2017, they collaborated with researchers from the University of Maryland to demonstrate for the first time that this rugged battery can still provide power after cutting, impacting, bending and soaking. At the end of last year, the Johns Hopkins research team moved forward to make it fireproof and raise the voltage to a level comparable to commercial products.
Konstantinos Gerasopoulos, a senior scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory who led the research, pointed out that the secret of manufacturing indestructible lithium-ion batteries lies in the electrolyte. It is this chemical substance Separate the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. When you use a lithium-ion battery, charged lithium particles pass through the barrier in the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode, where they undergo a chemical reaction and generate energy.
Most lithium-ion electrolytes are a mixture of flammable lithium salts and toxic liquids, which means "in today's lithium-ion chemistry research, it is actually a recipe that can cause disaster." Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory Jeff Maranchi, the materials science project manager, said. If the permeable barrier separating the cathode and anode collapses, it will cause the battery to short circuit and generate a lot of heat. When all the heat comes into contact with the highly flammable lithium-ion electrolyte, the lithium-ion battery will catch fire and explode.
Water-based batteries avoid all these problems because the electrolyte is water-based, so it is neither flammable nor toxic. They have been around for 25 years, but they are too weak to function. The research team found that by increasing the lithium salt concentration and mixing the electrolyte with a polymer similar to soft plastic, the potential energy can be increased from 1.2 volts to 4 volts, which is comparable to current commercial lithium-ion batteries.
When Gila Sopros and his colleagues added a commercial cathode and anode to this new electrolyte, they got a lithium-ion battery that they had never seen before. It is as transparent as a contact lens, flexible, non-toxic and non-flammable. It can be produced and operated in an open-air environment, and does not require a casing. The most important thing is that it can withstand all kinds of shocks and destruction.
Picture: The electrolyte of the new battery core is a lithium salt and a polymer of soft plastic material that will not catch fire or explode.
In the test, the researchers immersed the device in salt water, cut it with scissors, used an air cannon to simulate the trajectory of the battery and then ignited it. In each test, the battery is able to emit current without interruption. After the burn test, the researchers cut off part of the charred battery, and the battery could continue to work normally for 100 hours.
Malanchi said that this new type of water-based battery is not just a novelty in the laboratory. The research team is already negotiating with some manufacturers who did not wish to be named. They say these manufacturers can effortlessly integrate new chemicals and manufacturing methods into existing lithium-ion production facilities. He said that this kind of battery may be on the market within two years, and it will be applied to the fields that lithium-ion batteries have not been involved in before.
Due to its natural flexibility, it can be integrated into wearable electronic products, or even directly integrated into clothing fibers. The ruggedness of this new battery can also be used in military and scientific research fields, such as automatic underwater vehicles, drones and satellites.
There are also some technical obstacles to overcome, such as how to increase the number of rechargeable batteries. A typical smart phone battery can be charged and discharged more than 1,000 times, but this new lithium-ion battery begins to lose efficiency after being charged 100 times. Gila Sopros said that fine-tuning the electrolyte chemistry formula should solve this problem.
Perhaps the era when lithium-ion batteries will explode is coming to an end.
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