Abstract Li Keqiang, the premier of the country, said: "The Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology must work together to establish equipment manufacturing as the main battlefield for China's scientific and technological innovation." Shi Yong felt that this was the first time that the equipment manufacturing industry had been mentioned so high and received such attention. The so-called equipment manufacturing industry, that is, production technology equipment...
Li Keqiang, the premier of the country, said: "The Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology must work together to establish equipment manufacturing as the main battlefield for China's scientific and technological innovation." Shi Yong felt that this was the first time that the equipment manufacturing industry had been mentioned so high and received such attention. The so-called equipment manufacturing industry, that is, the manufacturing industry that produces technical equipment, is a core component of the manufacturing industry and can be understood as "the machine manufacturing industry of production machines."
As the vice president of the Machinery Industry Information Research Institute, Shi Yong has been engaged in research and equipment manufacturing for many years. "At the beginning, the high-tech industry saw us as a dumpling, and the Ministry of Science and Technology did not take care of it," he said.
In fact, since 2006, the equipment manufacturing industry has become more and more concerned, because more and more people find that almost all innovations in manufacturing are inseparable from the equipment manufacturing industry.
Shi Yong told reporters that although the scale of output value of China's equipment manufacturing industry is the first, many core technologies and key technologies are still subject to people, and many areas are still following. Even some well-known companies do not have the ability to conduct positive research and development.
However, "Made in China 2025" has made people see China's determination to upgrade manufacturing. In this plan, China has listed 10 key areas, 7 of which are equipment manufacturing (half of biomedical and medical equipment).
It is generally believed that manufacturing includes equipment manufacturing and final consumer goods manufacturing. As the core of the manufacturing industry, the equipment manufacturing industry is not only important for the production of agricultural machinery and other countries, but also for the final consumer goods manufacturing industry. We can see too many examples of the internal manufacturing of consumer goods manufacturing equipment from manufacturing powers such as Japan, and we can more and more clearly see the direction of future industrial upgrading in China from the self-made invisible champions in China.
"The upgrading of manufacturing in traditional industries depends on equipment manufacturing," Shi Yong said. The self-made equipment is the key to the last one kilometer of Chinese manufacturing companies.
Real and imaginary former minister of the Ministry of Industry, China's industrial economy and the amount Association said Li Yizhong, China's manufacturing urgent need to accelerate industrial upgrading and intelligent development, but also should be wary of a tendency to "take off the virtual to real", to prevent hollowing out and Manufacturing marginalization.
The so-called virtual, that is, information technology and Internet technology; the so-called real, is the basic manufacturing industry. It is believed that information technology is a panacea for solving product quality and key common basic technologies.
But this is not the case. Shi Yong believes that the Internet is very important, but in this transformation and upgrading, it is not enough to rely solely on the Internet. "There are too many things that Chinese manufacturing lacks. Few companies understand the principles and mechanisms in the manufacturing mechanism, so it is difficult to 'integrate' the parts." "The people are integrated, we are assembling." Shi Yong is in an article. The article writes that when Chinese manufacturing companies were in the middle of the last century, many companies also had a process laboratory. There are still very few companies with such laboratories today. For example, only a handful of machine tool companies still have complete machine vibration test instruments. Since the process of the object to be manufactured is not understood, and the principle of connection between the components is not understood, the quality of the assembled product is generally unsatisfactory, and it is incapable of conducting forward research and development. This has caused most companies to know about manufacturing technology but they don’t know why.
Unlike Chinese companies that have not been completely transformed by industrialization, most of the equipment manufacturing companies in Europe, Japan, and the United States follow this path: from the extractive industry to the smelting industry, and then slowly evolved into metal product manufacturing, and finally become equipment. Key component manufacturers and machine manufacturers.
The advantage of this natural evolutionary process is that companies have a solid industrial technology base that allows them to find high-end products in the long-term accumulated experience and technology.
Su Bo, deputy minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, mentioned in an article that the world's manufacturing powerhouses are all strong in equipment manufacturing. A large number of basic capabilities are rooted in basic industries such as equipment manufacturing. The equipment manufacturing industry is at the hub of the manufacturing innovation network. The most convenient example is Japan.
China has become the world's manufacturing center, but further research on the manufacturing force map can be found that China relies on cheap factor costs in shipbuilding, IT, automobiles, home appliances and other finished assembly industries, but has some advantages in Japan. Competitive advantages in technology, cutting-edge high value-added fields, such as precision parts, key raw materials and a large number of high-end equipment (automobile engines, gearboxes, CNC systems, robots (300024, consulting) RV reducers, excavator hydraulics, etc. ).
In the manufacturing sector, Japan's power is not limited to the "rice pot" and "toilet cover" that are being sizzled, but the cutting-edge technical strength of the control components and raw materials industries behind these consumer products. Taking industrial robots as an example, RV reducers for robot joints, more than 90% of the market is occupied by Teijin Seiki Co., Ltd. Someone once said, "The Japanese say that there are not many global robots that can stand."
The reason why Japanese robotics can dominate the world is mainly because the relevant subjects have made great efforts. Manufacturers have put a lot of effort into improving robotics to improve their applicability; user companies are constantly adapting and simplifying product design to meet the requirements of new robotics. American researchers have found that Japanese robotics manufacturers spend five times more time on machine tools and manufacturing equipment than Americans.
At present, China's industrial manufacturing capacity can only be used as a body shell, and servo motors and two-dimensional reducers can only be imported. Shi Yong explained that the robot requires rapid acceleration and emergency stop, and it must be very accurate. It must be efficient to work on the assembly line. Domestic servo motors and RV reducers are not up to standard.
"The country is also attacking the RV reducer now." He said, "There are no more than a dozen sets in the laboratory. The test results in the Japanese laboratory are very good, but the results will not work until the production line is large-scale. ."
The equipment inside the stone bravely refers to the autonomy of technology and the internalization of equipment as the "last mile" of manufacturing. It is only possible to build a chain to make it possible to build a chain. Linneo, headquartered in Nagoya, Japan, is not as large as Sony and Toyota. Its annual sales are about 295 billion yen (about 15 billion yuan), but it has long occupied Japan's domestic hot water supply, kitchen appliances, air conditioners, and gas appliances. The number one position in the market. This home appliance manufacturing company is both manufacturing the final consumer goods and also playing its own equipment manufacturer in the workshop. The key to its manufacture is that from 1996 to the present, important parts and technologies have also been maintained.
Very high self-institution. In the Dagu factory on the outskirts of Nagoya, Lin even made and produced robots on the rivet line. Since the large robots purchased outside are relatively large in size and have many functions, and this production line only needs the machine with the lowest line function, Lin has developed and manufactured this small robot capable of performing a single action. This reduces the cost and volume of the entire production line and increases work efficiency by more than 30%.
Japan’s Linne Co., Ltd.’s Managing Director and Managing Director, Kosugi Seiji (equivalent to the chief operating officer) told reporters that “the forest does not start with the assembly of components, but starts with the purchase of materials, and carries out heavy-duty machine tools for sheet metal and painting. In the end, it is a one-stop control of the dragon.†After entering the forest, Xiaoshan worked in the front line for 14 years. Most of the middle and senior managers in the forest were technically born and had many years of practical experience.
In 1993, Shanghai Gas Company and Japan Linnei jointly established Shanghai Linne in China. In the Linne factory in Shanghai, important parts such as solenoid valves, burners, induction probes, and electronic substrates are all developed and produced by Linne.
Wang Yanhong, marketing director of Shanghai Linnei Company, said, “Even if the cost is higher, the important parts and equipment must be made by the original factory, and the thermal energy core technology is developed by the original factory.â€
Some experts have said that the real main battlefield of the equipment manufacturing industry is the key basic technology and key components. In recent years, although Japan’s status and influence as a global manufacturing base has been declining, it seems to have retreated on the manufacturing front. However, in the key parts and technology fields, the country is strictly guarded against high standards, and a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises have grasped The reason for the global manufacturing industry is the high-speed autonomy of key infrastructure technologies and component manufacturing in the manufacturing industry.
Ouyang Yueyan is the second manufacturing class director (equivalent to the workshop director) in Shanghai Lin. He said that if you want to imitate the products in the forest, you must have the same machines and processes, but the biggest feature of this workshop is all the equipment. They are not standard machines and cannot be bought on the market.
In case the secret technology in the workshop is stolen, Ouyang is not worried because "you can understand our processing methods, but you don't know how to implement it. Even if it is realized, it will not reach this precision."
The internal system of equipment not only allows such manufacturing companies in Linne to have both forward and reverse R&D capabilities, and allows them to accurately control product quality.
In the Linnei Technical Center on the outskirts of Nagoya, every product in the forest is subjected to long-term high-intensity spray experiments here, and then placed in the wind tunnel laboratory by a 10-level wind 360 degrees for nearly one day, complicated The endurance test makes Lin's product development cycle longer than the industry, and the product has a relatively long service life.
Sources of Innovation In 2014, Harvard Business School professor Gary Pisano and Willy History co-published a book titled “Making Prosperity: Why the United States Needs Manufacturing Renaissance.†The book answers such a question, why is the United States Manufacturing wants to prosper? Because manufacturing and innovation are closely related. They found that the outsourcing of US manufacturing in the past led to a weakening of US innovation. On the contrary, in the past few decades, a large number of manufacturing departments from all over the world have moved to China, which is like a field of hope for China.
Behind the products that subvert the human production and lifestyle, it is actually the development of complex precision manufacturing industry. There is a natural and subtle connection between manufacturing and innovation, and a large number of deeply influential innovations are flowing out from here.
In the workshops in Shanghai Lin, innovation rarely comes from clean and tidy offices, and it is basically born between the collision of human hands and machines.
In the Japanese city of Suwa, the county of Japan, it has gathered a large number of precision machines such as optics, microelectronics, and molds for decades. These small companies have formed a strong network of suppliers and cooperation among various suppliers. Let this small town have the unique ability to develop new products. "Manufacturing Prosperity" refers to this industrial agglomeration as "industry commons". Their industrial chain is coordinated, and a solid technical foundation can provide support for a wider range of industries. In Japan, there are many industrial public places. In addition to Suwa City, which specializes in consumer electronics and optical instruments, there are a large number of different types of precision machine companies around Tokyo's Ota City, Nagoya, and Kyoto.
Shanghai Gao Peng founded the China-Japan Industrial Fund two years ago. The goal of this fund is to help Chinese companies go to Japan to acquire these small businesses that are “not good for the day†to achieve technological upgrading and industrial transformation. The small businesses are short and savvy, and the technical assets are quite attractive.
Two years ago, he had joined the boss of a Japanese specialty valve company and talked about investment acquisitions with a domestic listed company that made valves. During the period, the Japanese boss’s attitude and requirements for technology impressed him.
This Japanese company is located in Ota City, Tokyo. In this southern part of Tokyo, there are more than 5,000 SMEs with high industrial technology, and enterprises with less than 9 employees account for 82% of all SMEs. The number of mechanical metal processing plants accounts for more than 80% of all factories in the region.
This is a typical small enterprise made by Seiko in Japan. It has only 33 employees. The factory area is less than 2,000 square meters, and the operating income can reach more than 200 million yuan. The valve company in China has a revenue of more than 300 million, but There are more than 600 employees and the plant area is nearly 100,000 square meters.
It is such a small enterprise that occupies the vast majority of Japanese manufacturing industries. They are designed to support large enterprises and solve a specific technical problem. Gao Peng told reporters that the real strength of Japan's manufacturing industry is, on the surface, a large company such as Mitsubishi and Toyota. In fact, it comes from thousands of small companies that have quietly studied on individual technologies.
China's manufacturing industry is gradually surpassing Japanese companies in large enterprises. The gap between first-class enterprises and Japanese first-class enterprises is constantly narrowing. However, China's SME competitiveness is still far from Japan, which has caused China to compete at the system level. The strength is weak.
Let Shi Yong see the Chinese manufacturing industry hope that many small and medium-sized private enterprises survive and develop in the "sandwich". They are small in scale, with a production value of only two or three million yuan a year, which is characterized by focusing on a small technical profession and manufacturing field. Now, in Dongguan, Shunde, and Shenzhen, Guangdong has gradually begun to form some small fine processing plant gathering places, where the machinery industry is meticulously distributed, "the capillaries are very developed."
“The equipment manufacturing industry has opened the “last mileâ€, and it really only depends on private enterprises.†Shi Yong once spent a lot of time researching Chinese manufacturing. His impression of these companies is that “very hardworking, foreign competitors are all Squeezed out."
The famous management scientist Herman Simon mentioned in the book "The Invisible Champion" that there are thousands of such invisible champions in Germany. They may not be as prominent as Siemens and Volkswagen, but they have achieved exclusive in some specialized fields. Status, such as 60% of the world's Audi car seat belt buckles are produced by a small company.
Seizo tips Some people think that the direction of industrial upgrading is the shift from manufacturing to create China China. Shi Zhengfu, director of the Center for New Political Economics at Fudan University, disagreed that he wrote in "Supernormal Growth: China's Economy in 1979-2049", if this is defined as a breakthrough from scratch, then this Creation has not been able to play the main battlefield role in China's industrial upgrading for quite a long time.
The reason is that in most industries, what China faces is not to create new products, but to upgrade existing manufacturing standards, to achieve technology upgrades, brand upgrades and even value upgrades of existing products. There is also a category of precision manufacturing between manufacturing and creation. Shi Zhengfu believes that in the next few decades, shifting from "Made in China" to "Made in China" should be the theme of China's industrial upgrading.
In order to ensure the autonomy of R&D technology, influenced by the spirit of the craftsman, the Japanese manufacturing industry has been deeply ploughed in some fields and its status is unshakable. For example, there are 3,000 long-lived companies with more than 200 years of history in Japan, and 1,500-2,000 SMEs with competitive competitiveness in the global market. These companies have a strong grasp of the competitive advantages of high-end components, raw materials and high-end equipment.
There is a maternal law in the manufacturing field, that is, having a good machine tool can make good equipment and have good equipment to make a good product. Machine tools and equipment are inseparable from the quality of craftsmen.
More than 2,100 molds were modified here at the Mold Processing Workshop at the Dakou Plant in Linne. The total number of workers who are only five or six is ​​the craftsman who has been hand-crafted in Lin, and there are often employees from Linnei Overseas Company who are from manufacturing.
The core technology of the process. Lin also retains a large number of mold databases - how to repair it; how much of a stamping machine tool has been replaced and then replaced, and any errors have been saved. These things can be said to be the vital parts of this department or even the entire workshop. The whole body and the mold are inaccurate, and the entire production line may be defective.
Artificial techniques are also appearing on the machine in batches. In the Dakou factory, there are only 25 robots (manipulators) in a production line in the sheet metal department. They are as flexible as a human hand. Ishikawa's factory director told reporters that the factory recorded the old workers' work methods, programmed them into the robots, and then made final adjustments in actual operation, and finally allowed these robots to completely imitate the movements of skilled workers and achieve artificial fineness.
Nowadays, the large-scale factory's sheet metal production line, the parts with more parts are completed by the robots in sequence, and the procedures with fewer parts are done by the old employees, and this part is gradually mechanized.
A lot of equipment technology is a defamatory technology, a kind of silent knowledge, and it is a non-coding knowledge. It requires experience and is more dependent on the craftsmanship.
Workers in Germany and Japan are inferior in industrial spirit and discipline. Many workers in China are less professional and lack continuity. "Many people still collect wheat in the fields today and will go to the factory tomorrow." Shi Yong said, "Compared with the influence of farming culture, the lack of industrial civilization cultivation has a great impact on product quality."
When Shanghai Lin was first established, the equipment was basically shipped from Japan and was repaired and maintained by Japanese personnel. This is understandable in itself, but the problem is that once a problem occurs with a machine, the Japanese personnel can only come to repair in the shortest two days and sometimes for a week.
Ouyang, who was still a new employee, couldn’t wait any longer, and he decided to fix it himself. A Japanese executive saw that he did not make a sound, but instead found the Chinese management to turn around him. "The eyes are cold eyes."
In the end, with years of practical experience and technology, Ouyang repaired the machine under the watchful eye of the two. Since then, the failure of the machines in Shanghai Lin has been repaired by the Chinese staff. Ouyang and his team have also found more different "plays" in repeated repairs.
An economist abroad recently described such a phenomenon that most emerging countries do not reach the industrialization level of established industrial countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany, because they do not have enough time to solve the "growth troubles." In countries including China, they create a paradise of "lower and shorter".
For example, the machine tool industry is the industry's parent machine industry, and the final test of the machine tool industry's qualitative change is “technical fast manufacturing half-step†to meet the processing needs of most downstream industries. It took about 15 years for Japanese machine tools to complete the process. Once completed, Japan's equipment manufacturing industry is equivalent to having a locomotive in the entire manufacturing industry.
However, Japan is also facing its own crisis. Excessive attention to product manufacturing, lack of system competitiveness and strategic competitiveness; insufficient attention to emerging technologies, so that Japan's manufacturing has no longer the scenery of the year. On June 9, 2015, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan released the "2015 White Paper on Manufacturing Industry". In the face of the globally accelerating manufacturing revolution, especially Germany's Industry 4.0 and the US Industrial Internet, Japan has shown a strong crisis. sense.
Kobayashi admitted that many companies in Japan have not made good progress in information technology. But he also believes that companies like Linne have long-term technical accumulation. "We have a lot of technical information about the core technology of thermal energy," which makes it more ready to face new technologies and new trends.
A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has provided an unprecedented opportunity for China's manufacturing industry, but this technical window is often fleeting, like a fish in the water, it is yours. Standing in a river full of fish, Chinese manufacturing needs a sharp fish gun.
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