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Photovoltaic stability of flexible silicon-based solar cells under different bending times
Recently, the research team of Ye Changhui, a researcher at the Department of Micro-nano Technology and Devices of the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has made new progress in the research of flexible monocrystalline silicon micro-nanostructured solar cells. The relevant results were published in the form of a cover paper. Nanores. 2015, 8(10), 3141-3149.
The crystalline silicon solar cell has become the most popular solar cell by virtue of its mature preparation process and high photoelectric conversion efficiency, but the inherent rigid structure of the monocrystalline silicon substrate has limited its use in building integration and wearable Applications in electronic products. Flexible monocrystalline silicon-based solar cells have characteristics such as light weight, low cost, and foldability, which are of great significance for practical applications.
The Solids Research Group has developed a technology for thinning monocrystalline silicon wafers. Using a simple manufacturing process, a flexible silicon pyramid micro/nanostructure/PEDOT:PSS solar cell with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.3% was constructed. Experimental tests have shown that, after various times of mechanical bending (bending angle of 800), the photovoltaic device characteristics such as open circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor of the battery exhibit excellent stability (the change rate is less than 10%). It lays the foundation for the practical application of next-generation portable electronic devices for flexible silicon-based solar cell devices. The above research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology's "973 Program", the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences 100-person plan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences International Innovation Team project.
Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water and sewage processing, mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas and petroleum, food manufacturing, chemical and plastic manufacturing and many other fields.
People in developed nations use valves in their daily lives, including plumbing valves, such as taps for tap water, gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and poppet valves in car engines.
In nature there are valves, for example one-way valves in veins controlling the blood circulation, and heart valves controlling the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintaining the correct pumping action.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.
More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
Stop Valves, Ball Cock, Angle Valves, Gate Valves, Check Valves
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