Introduction: The latest issue of the U.S. Time magazine was officially published on July 8, 2011. The cover article in this issue is titled "The price of endless pursuit of nutrition." The article believes that while humans are ingesting high quality protein from fish, they will also push this species to extinction. The only alternative to fishing in an seemingly endless ocean is artificial breeding, and addressing the many problems that arise from expanding the industry is also a matter of urgency.
The town of Turners Falls, Western Massachusetts, has a hangar-sized building that looks more like a factory than a farm. The facility houses thousands of one-third pound-sized omnivorous barramundi, native to Southeast Asia and Australia. The growth of fish is closely watched by farmers. As the size of the fish increases, growers are sorted by size and transferred to a larger farm. When the fish weighed about 2 pounds, they were sold to the market. Their ultimate destination is seafood restaurants and retail outlets throughout the country.
Since the breeding of fish eggs, the reared fish has never swimn in rivers or seas, never feeds on its own, and has never felt the drag of fishing nets. Therefore, they are not fished at all, but are manually processed. This form of operation may also represent the last and best way of life for fish in the future.
Since mankind began farming 10,000 years ago, most of the food came from farmer's hands. People grow their own fruits, vegetables, grains, and feed their own domesticated livestock that rely on human-dependent meat and dairy products. Fishing is a special case. Humans still have to show wild and brave aspects when they are fishing, and take untaughted fishing objects home as food. In ancient times, fisherman fishing was not much different from fishing on a modern trawler. Wise men think that fish is the last delicious wild food for humans, but humans have only realized this since.
However, it is probably late for humans to realize this, because the consequence is that even fish rich in the oceans have exhaustion. According to the UN report, 32% of the world’s fish stocks have been overfished or are depleted; in the first half of the century, up to 90% of large fish such as tuna and marlin were almost completely fished out. Once a large number of fish, such as Atlantic salmon, have been caught to near to the degree of oblivion; like bluefin tuna species suitable for exquisite cuisine almost disappeared.
A recent report released by the International Programme on the State of the Ocean found that global marine species are facing unprecedented threats in human history, and overfishing is only one of the problems.
Since the mid-1990s, global marine fishing has reached a new peak of 90 million tons per year. This is a myriad of fish, and even if their numbers are fairly stable, they still can't keep up with the consumption rate of seafood products in various countries. According to reports, seafood consumption has increased from 22 pounds per capita in the 1960s to nearly 38 pounds today. As more people in developing countries enter the middle class, fish is increasingly viewed as a delicious, healthy source of protein. This trend will continue. The unavoidable conclusion is that the sea has not had enough seafood. Industry stakeholders believe that alternatives to this gap should be found as soon as possible.
Aquaculture has actually played a role in remedying the shortage. The history of artificially rearing some fish is as long as the history of fishing. The earliest ponds were fish ponds that existed in China 4000 years ago. However, aquaculture only formed a real industry 50 years ago.
Global aquaculture output was less than 1 million tons from 1950 to 52.5 million tons in 2008, and in the previous decades, the aquaculture industry grew at a much faster rate than any other form of food production. About half of the seafood consumed by countries today comes from aquaculture. With the expected growth rate of global seafood consumption, the proportion of artificial breeding will certainly increase. Without aquaculture, the pressure of overfishing will be even greater. According to industry insiders, it is no longer a matter of discussing whether the aquaculture industry should survive, but rather how people should better develop the industry.
However, because the aquaculture industry has developed rapidly, it has come at the cost of environmental pollution. The intensive salmon feeding methods previously adopted by Canada and Northern Europe have also contributed to the rapid spread of disease in wild fish stocks when they are used to discharge sewage to coastal waters. Thailand has cut down some mangrove rain forests for large amounts of shrimp.
Even more troublesome is that many of the most popular artificial rearing fish and shrimp species are predatory species, meaning that they need at least other fish for feed. Roughly speaking, about 2 pounds of wild fish produced fish meal, on average, can only produce 1 pound of artificial breeding fish. According to this approach, the ocean is in a state of net loss. According to the opinions of ocean experts from the International Environmental Forum, the dependence of aquaculture on fishmeal and fish oil is a major concern of marine environmental protection.
The aquaculture industry will continue to grow unless it is persuasive to persuade everyone in a populous developing country like China to abandon the chance to try sashimi meals. As it continues to grow, it also needs to increase efficiency and reduce pollution. The good news is that the industry is constantly improving.
Some species, such as barramundi, that require low protein diets but can produce more protein, can be reared, while people who do not know much about fish may compensate for unagi. The sharp drop in number. Humans may also have to rely on genetic engineering techniques to change some of the popular fish species so that they grow faster and bigger. Perhaps the most important thing is that humans need to accept the population of nearly 7 billion people on Earth and still increase, and they cannot continue to indulge in the notion that they are chasing the last few wild fish on Earth. Mankind has been cultivating land, but now it is no longer necessary to cultivate the ocean.
For the average shopper, except for the price, there is almost no difference between the farmed fish and the wild. With the growth of the aquaculture industry, many of the seafood species that people like daily will be more expensive than they are now. In general, artificially raised seafood is not as tasty as the wild, and its nutritional value may be lower than that of the wild. For example, farmed salmon is generally less nutritious than the omega 3 component that is beneficial to cardiovascular conditions, and the fish fillets that are raised look ash and have a color that is not bright.
At present, 90% of seafood consumed in the United States comes from overseas, as local aquaculture only accounts for 5% of the entire seafood consumption market. The seafood observation program at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California will, in most cases, allow consumers to feel disgusted with the seafood they choose to eat, mainly because of concerns about the state of the aquaculture environment and their own health.
At the same time, people need to understand aquaculture from a broader perspective. Taking into account human health, most people should eat more fish. In the new U.S. dietary guidelines, the government proposed to increase the amount of seafood consumed to at least 8 ounces per week and the pregnant woman to 12 ounces, the former being more than twice the amount eaten by ordinary people.
UN’s report released this week said that global food production needs to double in 2050 to meet the growing demand, and that fish as an important source of protein must be part of it. Large-scale aquaculture is inevitable. Some experts say that the prices of wild and captive breeds will definitely vary greatly, and seafood consumption will continue to increase because humans need it for health reasons.
To understand the global aquaculture profile, its potential and existing issues, it is helpful to first understand the situation in China, which accounts for 61% of global aquaculture. In recent years, China has begun exporting industrialized cultured catfish, shrimp and tilapia. As production pressures increase, local fish farmers have always built fishponds very compactly. This has led to the production of dirt in the breeding sector that spreads disease and pollutes the environment. These filths allow large areas of coastal waters to be filled with nutrient-rich substances, killing marine life.
In order to solve the problem of continued deterioration of disease caused by crowded fish ponds, Chinese farmers have been free to use antibiotics and other drugs, including fungicides and potential carcinogens that have been banned by the government in 2002, and peacock oxalate ( Malachitegreen), but similar drugs are often detected during export inspections. Biologists at the Hong Kong Baptist University believe that there are still major problems in this area.
China's food safety supervision lags behind (although some experts believe that the aquaculture industry has improved), but it has not denied the industry's chaos. A poorly managed offshore fish farm that produces 200,000 salmon fish releases nitrogen and phosphorus into the water, equivalent to the emissions of a 20,000-resident town.
In spite of this, the bad reputation of aquaculture is still not comparable to that of human land planting. Farmers have thousands of years of experience in improving the cultivation methods and breeding and domesticating cattle and pigs. Industrialized agriculture has always been polluting: the main cause of the death zone in the Gulf of Mexico is due to the flow of fertilizers from the Midwest to the sea. The emergence of modern aquaculture industry has only been for decades. With the experience of practitioners gradually accumulating, they have made progress in reducing pollution and breeding more efficiently.
Regardless of the extent of improvement in the aquaculture industry, it has caused much less damage to the environment, and the feed heat input required to produce one pound of protein is much lower than meat production. This is partly due to the simple result of biomechanics and metabolism. Unlike animals that are fed on land and eaten, fish are cold-blooded animals that live in water. This means that the combustion energy is only used to maintain body temperature and bone growth, resulting in less wasted feed.
Aquaculture farmers can only face worse luck after the stable establishment of industrialized meat production, because the latter is heavily polluted, and the former is also receiving public attention in the environment. The director of the World Wildlife Fund Aquaculture Project believes that humans must solve the environment and the resulting social problems, but aquaculture is indeed an effective way to protect food.
One of the ways to solve various problems is to establish a set of aquaculture systems that can imitate the natural ecology and allow the waste generated in the breeding process to be used. Thierry Chopin, a biologist at the University of New Brunswick, has used this principle in his own integrated multitrophicaquaculture (IMTA).
In the circulation of IMTA, species such as salmon and shrimp will have a lower density than conventional ones, and there are also seagrass and mussel species in the breeding waters. Waste from fish rearing nourishes seaweed that can be used as a fish feed. Mussels that act as filters will swallow waste in water and prevent pollution from expanding. The result of such a cycle is that the unit volume has more biological quantities and less pollution. It is the same cycle as nature. Because of its ecosystem characteristics, the system can therefore operate in a healthy manner.
Even if the aquaculture system can be more harmonious with nature, it still faces substantial challenges, including the issue of high and low feed ingredients. When the breeders are engaged in centralized breeding, they will only pick those species that can cater to people's tastes, namely salmon and sea bass. However, these species are often at the top of the food chain in nature. Feeding them is like domesticating tigers.
Aquaculture has achieved good results in replacing fishmeal with plant-based feed, but progress has not been rapid enough. The industry believes that the issue of what type of feed is used to raise fish is the core issue of the aquaculture industry. It is unlikely that the industry will rely solely on the continued growth of grass feed-based fish species.
The answer to the question may simply be to look for a better texture and more suitable for artificially reared fish. This is also what some companies are trying to do. Australia's Josh Goldman studied aquaculture in college in the 1980s. He later engaged in the cultivation of tilapia. However, just as he felt that the fish species was more suitable for feeding because it was herbivorous, he also found that it was deficient in salmon-enriched omega-3 elements that were beneficial to heart health. He also tried streaky herring but found that the species was too picky to be farmed. Until he had the privilege of meeting an Australian entrepreneur, he found the most suitable species, the Barramundi.
Artificial breeding of lungfish is almost the most suitable species. It can tolerate various environmental conditions, and spawning periods are also very short. Its recipes are as broad as local indigenous people. Nature makes it uniquely endowed with survival features, and it also allows it to withstand the harsh conditions encountered during feeding.
Goldman launched an aquaculture project in 2004 and launched commercial barramundi in 2005. The Omega 3 component of the fish is very high, and Dr. Oz, the TV health section, ranks it as the top super food in 2010. Less than 20% of the fish fingerlings in the fingerling feed are fishmeal and fish oil, which is a much lower ratio than feeds for salmon, which requires at least 50% of the fishmeal in the feed.
Goldman's project is an indoor closed-loop system, so there is no waste, there is no risk of disease, and there is no threat of breeding fish fleeing into the wild. In addition, the variety has a good taste and has a flake-like texture that is famous as sea bass. Goldman's current challenge is to allow American consumers like shrimp, tuna, and salmon to accept new varieties. He believes that as long as you personally tasted it, people will love it.
In fact, Goldman is very effective in promoting new varieties in the United States. He not only expanded production in Massachusetts but also in other states. The closed loop farming system he uses is also a dream pursued by environmentalists. He eventually wanted to promote it to a larger market at a lower cost. This was a step he should take to establish a larger area of ​​outdoor farming in the coastal areas of central Vietnam. Viet Nam’s current method of keeping the breed is to house it in a cage in a protected bay. Despite the low cost of feeding methods, it is not as environmentally friendly as the closed-loop system developed by Goldman. (Jidong)
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