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The Chinese Academy of Sciences announced that the “Julong No. 1†appraisal test was successful: 24 powerful electric powers were compressed in 12 directions from 5,000 cubic meters of space and were concentrated in only a few cubic centimeters of the central target area, generating hundreds of thousands of Gigawatts (instantaneous power is equivalent to several times the power of the global grid) soft X-ray! These talents are the true backbone of China! China's Public Julong No. 1: Symbolic Devices for the Development of Nuclear Weapons in the New Period. The completion of this iconic device made China one of the few countries that independently mastered the tens of trillions of megawatt ultra-high-power pulsed accelerator technology.
On the morning of October 10th, 2013, in the main control room of Julong No. 1 device experiment of the Institute of Fluid Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China, the wall was 6 meters long and 2 meters high. The sub-area of ​​the screen shows the monitoring screen and the complex technical parameters. In front of the console, a row of researchers wearing white squats, skillfully and accurately operating the computer, reported the status of each system. The 10 academicians and 5 experts of the Outcome Appraisal Committee are watching and watching each number on the screen.
“Trigger!†Feng Shiping’s order was issued by the person in charge of the experiment. Along with the deep muffled noises and vibrations of the earth, dozens of purple snakes suddenly scratched the space in the test hall not far from the control room. A dazzling ray of light from the twists and turns of the cymbals: 24 powerful electric energy are collected in 12 directions, compressed from 5,000 cubic meters of space in a central target area of ​​only a few cubic centimeters, and will be stored within 100 seconds. The millions of Joules of electricity are radiated in one hundredth of a second, producing soft X-rays with energy in the hundreds of thousands of joules and tens of terawatts of power (instantaneous power is equivalent to several times the global grid power)! The recording equipment of the test hall accurately records relevant technical parameters and transient images in one hundredth of a second, and is presented on the screens of oscilloscopes and computers.
This is the state-of-the-art identification of the super-high-power pulsed strong current accelerator developed by the Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results appraisal committee believes that the Julong No. 1 construction project has proposed a comprehensive design scheme for the special ultra-high power multi-circuit converging device, which has broken through the nano-level precise time control and ultra-high power pulse of multi-channel wattage class electrical pulses. Key technologies such as generation, transmission and convergence have been independently developed. The first multi-channel parallel ultra-high power pulse device has been successfully developed in China. It achieves a current output with a peak value of nearly 10 million amps and a leading edge of approximately 10 millionth of a second on the load. Technical specifications have been achieved. International advanced level of similar devices!
The completion of this scientific experimental device with symbolic significance in the research process of China’s nuclear weapons has made China the only country in the world that has independently mastered the design and construction of tens of trillions of megawatt ultra-high-power pulsed accelerators. Another milestone in the development of power pulse technology!
Face challenges and meet challenges
Established in 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a comprehensive research institute that focuses on the development of advanced science and technology in defense, including theory, experimentation, design, and production. It is the only comprehensive research institute engaged in the development and production of nuclear weapons in China. The Institute of Fluid Physics is the first institute affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is mainly engaged in research and development of nuclear weapons, development of high-tech weapons, development of military-civilian dual-use technologies, and transformation of achievements.
Accompanied by the signing of the treaty on the complete ban on nuclear weapons tests in 1996, how to create the conditions of extreme high temperature, high pressure, high density, and strong radiation that are close to the nuclear weapons explosion under laboratory conditions has become the key to the effective development of nuclear weapons research in the new era.
Pulsed power technology is based on electrical energy, an experimental science that achieves extremely high power output by compressing energy in time and space and releasing it quickly on specific loads. It generates extremely high temperatures under laboratory conditions. High-pressure, high-density, and strong radiation conditions are effective means. Academician Wang Yichang, a pioneer in the field of pulse power technology and an older generation of scientists, once pointed out: “High-power pulsed technology is one of the major basic disciplines of contemporary high-tech.†Ultra-high-power pulsed devices are used to drive the cylindrical wire array load to make it Vaporization and pinching (ie, Z-pinch) of the shaft can generate extremely strong X-ray radiation, which can be used to study the issues of radiation transport and fusion ignition in nuclear weapons, as well as inertial confinement fusion, radiation effects, and celestial bodies. Frontier scientific research fields such as physics also have very important values.
In recent decades, due to the strong traction of military applications, high-power pulse technology has become the focus of major nuclear research, the United States has invested a lot of manpower and material resources, and has established a series of ultra-large pulse power devices, a typical Z-pinch study. There are Saturn devices and ZR devices, and Russia has also built S-300 and Angara-5-1 devices. In contrast, China started late and has a weak foundation.
In order to adapt to the needs of nuclear weapons research in the new era, we must have a comprehensive experimental platform with sufficient driving capacity to strengthen the capabilities of precision physics experimental design, high-precision multi-physics diagnostic testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. After meticulous demonstration, at the end of the last century, the Chinese Academy of Sciences initiated the related research work of large-scale multi-channel ultra-high power pulse devices, and carried out technological transformation of existing platforms, and began the principle exploration and key technology research. Based on this, at the beginning of this century, the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed to the country research and development plans that suit China's national conditions. The most critical first step is to develop a Z-pinch primary test platform - Julong No. 1 and develop corresponding Physical experiments.
In 2004, the State approved the Chinese Academy of Sciences to formally initiate related work. The technical indicators of the device were determined as output current of 8 to 10 million amps, current pulse rise time less than 10 millionth of a second, and power exceeding 20 trillion watts. Such a device system is extremely complicated, technical difficulties and risks are very high, and the domestic technology base is very weak. Materials, design, and processing are all facing great challenges.
The historical mission of research on science and technology for national defense has enabled the people of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to resolutely accept the challenge, and to face up to difficulties and advance. Since 2001, the Institute of Fluid Physics of the mission-commitment unit has carried out careful project verification. The leaders of Ding Bonan and Peng Xianjue have paid great attention to this and have visited the frontline many times to understand the progress of the project and the issues that need to be resolved. The old experts inside and outside the hospital formed a top-notch team of experts and had a heated discussion on the development of the device's technical route and key components, and put forward many useful ideas and suggestions.
The Institute of Fluid Physics organizes scientific research elites to set up an argumentation report writing group and a pre-research group to collect and refine relevant information from foreign limited public information, and to fully investigate the technical route and key technologies in accordance with the specific requirements of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Analysis and argumentation, held a large number of in-depth seminars, technical data, scenarios, processing drawings filled with researchers' filing cabinets. The members of the pre-research team subsequently carried out a large number of pre-research work such as field distortion switches, laser-triggered multi-stage switches, and the development of the Max Generator module, and conducted hundreds of demonstration studies to explore ways to break through key technologies. Through meticulous physical analysis, accurate verification of calculation parameters, and careful consideration of model design, major breakthroughs have been made in laser synchronization trigger systems, field distortion gas switches, magnetically insulated transmission lines, and the development of test and diagnostic systems, laying a solid foundation for installation projects. basis.
In the overall design of the Julong No. 1 device, the synchronous triggering scheme is where its “soul†lies. This is due to the huge currents. The Julong No. 1 device needs to be connected in parallel by 24 ultra-high power pulsed power devices. Each release of energy is controlled by a laser trigger switch. In order to ensure the consistency of the switching action, the error between the actual laser light output time and the set value cannot exceed 200 millionths of a second. If the time from the start of capacitor charging to the completion of the final energy release (about 100 seconds) is amplified and widened to one thousand years, then the time error described above is only equivalent to 1.5 seconds, and the technical difficulty can be imagined. In order to realize this technical index, a perfect laser trigger switch synchronization trigger scheme must be designed.
At that time, the U.S. Z device used a very powerful laser, which was divided into 36 lasers to trigger 36 switches. If we directly learn from the experience of the United States, the technical risk will be reduced a lot, but the program requires high energy requirements for the laser, the light path is extremely complex, and the stability is not high.
In 2005, project leader Deng Jianjun researcher and Xie Weiping, researcher of the pulse power research department, led the team to combine device development features. Originally proposed a technical route that uses 12 lasers and each laser triggers two switches, which can ensure that the switch triggers Synchronization, trigger light path is also extremely simplified, in principle, has a very superior performance; at the same time have the characteristics of high maintenance and operating efficiency.
As there was no precedent in the world, the proposal was put forward by the relevant experts in the country. At the laser triggering project special argumentation consultation meeting, authoritative experts engaged in laser research in China believe that there are no lasers that meet the requirements in the country, and according to the conventional control method and level of this laser, the time required for the light to reach the required accuracy is almost Unrealistic.
Faced with many doubts, Deng Jianjun led the project team to carry out a large number of key technical breakthroughs, and further conducted thorough analysis and detailed argumentation on the experimental and verification prototype-related experimental data, confirming the feasibility of the program, and finally achieved success. At the first Asia-Europe Pulse Power Conference in 2006, the Julong No. 1 project team exchanged the technical solutions of laser switches and attracted the attention of the United States. In 2007, the upgrade of the Z-device in the United States Sandia Laboratory was completed. The triggering scheme of the laser switch was also changed to trigger by 36 small lasers, again demonstrating the advanced nature of this program.
The overall technical plan has been set, marking the formal opening of the Julong No. 1 device development. This will be a long expedition. There will be rapids and rapids on this road. There will also be ups and downs like deep mountain gorges. However, the general public is afraid of hardships and obstacles, and see the heroes gathered in the cross-border sea of ​​clouds, the cloud from the dragon to write pride! The researchers of the Institute of Fluid Physics are radiating the greatest creative energy in every position and are gathered together to become an invincible torrent!
Convergence of energy blooms
In March 2012, the installation of the Julong No. 1 plant was completed. The Julong No.1 unit with a diameter of about 33 meters and a height of nearly 7 meters stands proudly. It consists of an energy storage system, a pulse formation and transmission system, a current convergence system, a physical load system, and an auxiliary system. It includes 1,440 pulse capacitors, 720 field distortion switches, 24 laser-triggered gas switches, and 12 high-performance lasers. .
In June 2013, a test group consisting of domestic accelerators, pulse power technology and plasma physics experts conducted field tests on related technical indicators of Julong No. 1 unit. The test results show that the device outputs nearly 10 million Ampere peak currents under the condition of driving the foil sleeve load; under the condition of the tungsten array Z-pinch load, the device outputs a peak current of 9 million amperes, and the X-ray radiation yield is up to At 590 kJ, the X-ray peak radiant power reached 47 trillion watts. The output current level of the device is in the advanced level of the international similar devices!
The magic soldier is in the hand, and look at my sword and fingers! Deng Jianjun and Xie Weiping conducted overall planning on test experiments and physics experiments in response to the performance characteristics of Julong No. 1 and the current research focus. By using a large multi-channel parallel ultra-high power pulsed high-current device, Julong No. 1 as the loading platform, it can drive different types of physical loads under long pulse and short pulse modes to generate ultra-high pressure and ultra-high temperature. Intensive radiation, strong magnetic fields and other extreme physical environments, further in-depth development of strong X-ray radiation related physical research, pulse power-driven fusion science and technology research, major foundations of frontier scientific research and exploration.
In the wire array plasma implosion physics experiment conducted at a current level of 7 to 9 million amperes, researchers have obtained X-ray radiation with power greater than 50 trillion watts and energy greater than 500 kilojoules for the first time in China. And a clear image of the wire array implosion. In a magnetically driven quasi-isentropic compression physics experiment driven by five to seven million amperes of long pulse current, the peak velocity achieved by the ultra-high speed flyer is about 11.5 kilometers per second, achieving a peak magnetic flux of 1.2 million atmospheres. Pressure, which is the highest value of quasi-isentropic pressure that can be obtained in the domestic pulsed power technology field.
In addition, experimental studies have been conducted on high-power pulsed technologies such as time-division discharge of multi-channel ultra-high power pulse devices and high-power density energy transmission and convergence. As of June 2014, after more than 120 experiments and experience, it has not only fully proved that the Julong No. 1 device can produce instantaneous power of up to tens of trillions of watts, and the temperature of millions of degrees of X-ray radiation can also produce high numbers. With a pressure of one million atmospheres, a series of Z-pinch physics experiments that have reached the international advanced level have been achieved using this device.
On October 10, 2013, Julong No.1 successfully passed the national appraisal. The construction of this project has laid an important foundation for the exploration of new concepts and long-term development direction in this technical field, and has become another milestone for the development of high-power pulse technology in China!
In June 2014, at the 41st International Plasma Science Conference and the 20th International High-Power Ion Beam Conference held in Washington, USA, Deng Jianjun was invited by the organizing committee of the conference and made an article titled “Overview of pulsed power researches at Special Invited Report of CAEP (Summary of Pulse Power Technology Research in the Chinese Academy of Sciences). The report elaborated on the development of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the field of pulse power science and exchanged the achievements and progress. It has attracted great attention and highly praised from the international community. There have been many experts from the United States, Russia, France and other countries. Expressed willingness to cooperate with China in conducting research.
The success of the Julong No. 1 project is a major advancement of China’s nuclear weapon science and technology research and experimental facilities during the new historical period and will have an important impact on nuclear weapons physics research. At the same time, it will also create favorable conditions for the development of frontier science and technology such as fusion energy science and materials science. The difficulties in the project research process have created a team of high quality, good at collaborative research, and capable of hard work, in scientific research management, device design, physical experimental technology, theory and numerical simulation, load and target preparation technology, and diagnostic technology, etc. The accumulation of a solid foundation.
In the future, on the big stage of ultra-high power pulse technology, and look at the Chinese people's posture!
Convergence, innovation and innovation
Julong No.1 device is huge and complicated and extremely sophisticated. Each part is interlocked and related to each other. The technical difficulties that need to be overcome are as high as tens of thousands, and many of them are world-class problems.
In the research process that began almost from scratch, Deng Jianjun and Xie Weiping have carefully planned and actively coordinated technical developments and installations. They also personally participated in the project and persisted in participating in the project team's important technical discussions and decisively making decisions; the project team focused on team members Feng. Researchers Shuping Ping, Researcher Wang Hao, Researcher Li Hongtao, Researcher Song Shengyi, Researcher He An, Senior engineer of the guard and head of the sub-system together with members, explored the rules in the fog with keen physics and sense of smell, and radiated wisdom sparks in an extreme brainstorm. Finally, the success of each unit project has been molded.
The laser-triggered multi-level multi-channel switch is the “gate†that controls the energy released in the Julong No. 1 device in about one hundred millionth of a second. As a core controllable ultra-high-power active element, it relates to the overall operational efficiency and reliability of the device. At the same time, the switch also needs to have high withstand voltage (5 million volts), high on-current (nearly a million amps), small on-resistance, low trigger delay, small jitter, high reliability, and a wide range of applications . Academician Wang Yuchang once thought that the application of laser switches to realize synchronous discharge of multiple devices is one of the milestones in the development of pulse power technology. When it was demonstrated in 2002, only the United States possessed this development technology internationally, and it was constantly exploring improvements.
Peak risk, only brave to! Faced with this problem, under the guidance of the project leader, Li Hongtao’s team focused on exploring the world with his indomitable spirit. In the three stages of physical mechanism research, experimental design research, and system inspection, they explored the extremely subtle and in-depth physical laws through repeated experiments and numerical simulations, and obtained a large amount of basic physical data.
In terms of the shimming design of the switching gap voltage, they carried out a large number of literature investigations and on-site inspections to extract the essence of others' research; on the basis of comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of the device, the Cirrus Ring technology was originally proposed for this technology. The program carried out several calculations and simulation experiments to verify its effectiveness. This scheme was confirmed to have outstanding advantages in subsequent experiments.
After unremitting efforts, Li Hongtao and others first successfully developed a 5 million-volt low-jitter laser-triggered multi-level multi-channel switch with a time error of less than one hundred millionth of a second in the country. The indicators have reached the world's advanced level. At the first Asia-Europe Pulse Power Conference initiated and sponsored by the Institute of Fluid Physics in 2006, Smirnov, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the person in charge of the laser switch at the Sandia Laboratory in the United States spoke highly of the switch and actively found the expression of Deng Jianjun. The desire to carry out collaborative research.
Magnetically insulated transmission lines can be referred to as the "lifeline" of the device. Along the transmission direction of the magnetically insulated transmission line, the electromagnetic field intensity and power density increase sharply, and extremely high requirements are imposed on the physical parameter setting, component material selection, structural design, and processing and manufacturing. The magnetic insulation technology like this kind of parameter rank has only been used in foreign countries for only a decade of history, and there is no precedent in the country. Therefore, magnetically insulated transmission lines face enormous difficulties and challenges from design, manufacture, installation to testing.
During the design process, Song Shengyi's team focused on the specific requirements of the device's magnetically insulated transmission line and conducted targeted and detailed work such as physical design and experimental verification. From formula derivation, programming, parameter optimization, to simulation results verification, the ring With interlocking and step-by-step in-depth development, the independent research and development of the simulation model of the magnetically insulated transmission line circuit was successfully completed, laying the foundation for the parameter design.
While referring to the advanced experience of foreign countries, they also adopted a new design idea, such as a large cone angle and high impedance, for the first time in a multi-layer disk cone large cavity structure with magnetically insulated transmission lines. Physical testing difficulties.
The installation and testing of magnetically insulated transmission lines is a high-tech project that involves hundreds of assembly parts. The materials, shapes, weights, and installation requirements vary greatly. The weights of individual pieces are as large as tons, as small as kilograms, and some are several meters in size. The assembly precision of large-scale parts is even required to reach 0.2 mm, and special requirements are required from lifting equipment to fitting tools. The installers are smart and ingenious, and have strict control over each step and every process such as lifting design, assembly process, and matching process.
Accurate physical design, thoughtful process design and complete preplan make the magnetically insulated transmission line installed successfully once and get the ideal working condition when it is powered on for the first time. This is an iconic design for the ultra-high power density energy transmission system in China. significance.
Each subsystem of the Julong device is an integral part of its powerful role. Scientific researchers have experienced numerous setbacks and successes, pouring countless efforts and sweat. Their wisdom light flashes in an innovative achievement: 6 original technologies have reached the international advanced level; they have obtained a number of ministries and commissions Progress Award, more than 50 papers published at home and abroad.
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