Corn is used as feed-based grain, meridian and feed, and corn stalk is also an important production resource for industrial and agricultural production. As a resource, corn stalks are rich in nutrients and available chemical ingredients that can be used as feedstock for livestock feed. For a long time, corn stalks have been one of the main raw materials for livestock. The test results show that corn stalk contains more than 30% carbohydrate, 2% to 4% protein and 0.5% to 1% fat, which can be silaged or directly fed. In the case of herbivores, the net weight gain of 2 kg of corn stalks is equivalent to 1 kg of corn kernels, especially after silage, yellow storage, ammoniation and saccharification, which can improve the utilization rate, and the benefits will be more considerable. According to research and analysis, the digestive energy contained in corn stover is 2 235.8kJ/kg, and it is rich in nutrients, and the total energy is equivalent to that of pasture. The fine processing of corn stalks to produce high-nutrition livestock feed is not only conducive to the development of animal husbandry, but also through the straw to the abdomen, and has good ecological and economic benefits.
Corn stalk feed processing technology is a technology that uses mechanical engineering, biology and chemistry to complete the process of harvesting, feed processing, storage, transportation and feeding from corn stalks. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's animal husbandry, new technologies for straw feed processing are emerging. In addition to feeding directly as feed, corn stalks are now widely used in physical, chemical, biological and other processing technologies, achieving centralized and large-scale processing and opening up new ways for feed utilization.
1 corn stalk silage processing technology
It belongs to biological treatment technology and is the main way of corn stalk feed utilization in Shandong Province. The technology is to use the silage harvesting machinery to complete the straw chopping, collecting or artificial harvesting, and then chop the green corn straw to 1-2 cm long, so that the water content is 67%-75%, and the storage is carried out. It is compacted and sealed in Yuqi, cylinder, tower, pool and plastic bag. It artificially creates an anaerobic environment, naturally uses anaerobic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria to produce lactic acid, so that most microorganisms stop breeding, and lactic acid bacteria continue to accumulate due to lactic acid. Finally, it is controlled by its own lactic acid to stop growing, in order to maintain the nutrition of the green straw, and make the silage with a slight fruity aroma, and the animals prefer to eat.
2 corn straw micro- processing technology
This is also a biological treatment method. The corn stalk is cut short, the length is 5-8cm for raising cattle, 3-5cm for raising sheep, and the pigs need to be smashed, so that it is easy to compact and improve the utilization rate of micro-storage and ensure storage. The quality of the production. The container can be made of silt or earthworm similar to silage or ammoniation, with a plastic film on the bottom and the surrounding area, and can be used in small batches for cylinders or plastic bags, vats, etc. The water content of the straw is controlled at 60%-70%, and the microbial active strain is added to the straw, so that the corn straw is fermented and turned into a feed with acid, aroma and wine-flavored livestock. Micro-storage is a method of degrading and converting cellulose and hemicellulose in corn stover into bacterial protein by using microorganisms, and is also a trend of utilization of crude fiber in the future.
3 corn stalk yellow storage processing technology
This is a method of treating corn dry straw with microorganisms. Crush the corn stalks to 2~4cm, put them into the tank, add appropriate amount of warm water and suffocate for 2d. Dry straw livestock do not like to eat, the utilization rate is not high, after the yellow storage, acid, sweet, crisp, soft, livestock love, the utilization rate can be increased to 80%-95%.
4 corn straw ammoniation processing technology
Ammonia is the most practical chemical treatment method. The straw is first cut into 2~3cm long, and the straw water content is adjusted to about 30%. According to 100kg straw, 5-6kg urea or 10-15kg ammonium bicarbonate is dissolved in 25~30kg water. Mix urea or ammonium carbonate solution evenly with stirring, or add 12-15 kg of 15% ammonia water per 100 kg of roughage. The mixture is laminated, and the ammoniating agent is sprayed layer by layer. Finally, it is sealed and sealed at 7 ° C to 30 ° C for 7 days, and the ammonia gas is volatilized and fed. Ammonia straw feed is commonly prepared by stacking method and ammoniating furnace method. The ammoniated corn stover can increase the crude fiber digestibility, increase the crude protein, and contain a large amount of amine salt, which is a good nutrient source for the stomach microorganisms of cattle and sheep ruminants. Ammonia itself is an alkalizing agent that increases the utilization of crude fiber and increases nitrogen. Feeding cattle and sheep after ammoniating corn stover can not only reduce the consumption of concentrate, but also accelerate the weight gain of cattle and sheep.
5 corn straw alkalization processing technology
This is also a chemical treatment method. The alkalizing treatment of corn stover with alkaline compound can open the ester bond which is unstable to alkali in the cell molecule and expand the fiber, thus facilitating the infiltration of livestock gastric juice and improving the livestock Feed digestibility and feed intake.
The alkalization treatment mainly includes sodium hydroxide treatment, liquid nitrogen treatment, urea treatment, and lime treatment. Take lime treatment with a wide source and low price as an example. Add 1kg of quicklime to 100kg of water, stir it continuously, and then take the supernatant. Stir well in the cylinder according to the ratio of solution to feed 1:3 and then compact it slightly. The summer temperature is high, usually only 30h can be fed, usually 80h in winter. The current development is a complex chemical treatment that combines the advantages of both alkalization and ammoniation.
6 corn straw acid storage processing technology
Acid storage is also a chemical treatment method. Spraying an acidic substance on the storage material, or adding a proper amount of phosphoric acid to the green fodder for storage, and then adding a little Glauber's salt, the feed can be increased with sulfur compounds, which helps to increase the vitality of the lactic acid bacteria and improve Feed nutrition and fight against germs. This method is simple and easy, and can effectively resist "secondary fermentation", and it is easier to take materials. This method is more suitable for yellow storage, which can soften the dry straw, increase the taste and increase the digestibility.
7 corn stalk briquetting processing technology
The straw is pressed into a high-density cake by a feed briquetting machine, and the compression can reach 1:15-1:5, which can greatly reduce the transportation and storage space. If used in conjunction with drying equipment, it can suppress fresh corn stalks to ensure that their nutrients are unchanged and can prevent mildew. At present, there is also a conversion agent and then compression, using the temperature and pressure generated during compression, the straw is ammoniated, alkalized, matured, and the crude protein content and digestibility are improved. The processed corn stalk becomes a cross section of 30×30 mm. The block feed with a length of 20-100mm has a density of 0.6-0.8kg/cm3, which is convenient for transportation and storage. It is suitable for the company plus farmer mode and has low production cost.
8 corn stalk grass powder processing technology
The corn stalk is pulverized into grass powder, and after fermenting, the cattle and sheep are fed, and the green hay is replaced as feed, and the adjustment is short and the season is lacking, and the feeding effect is good. Any corn stalk that is not moldy and has a water content of not more than 15% can be pulverized raw materials. The straw pulverizer is pulverized during the production. The grass powder should not be too fine, generally 10 to 20 mm long and 1-3 mm wide. Mix the comminuted corn stalk grass powder and legume grass powder in a ratio of 3:1, the whole fermentation time is 1-1.5d, and the fermented grass powder is added with 0.5-1kg bone powder per 100kg, and is equipped with 25 - 30kg of cornmeal, wheat bran, etc., fully mixed, then made a grass powder fermented mixed feed.
9 corn straw expansion processing technology
This is a physical and biochemical composite treatment method. The mechanism is to use the screw extrusion method to send the corn stalk to the extruder. The screw screw pushes the material to form the axial flow, and at the same time, due to the spiral and the material, the material and the barrel, and the inside of the material. Mechanical friction, the material is strongly squeezed, stirred, sheared, so that the material is refined and homogenized. As the pressure increases, the temperature rises correspondingly. Under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure and high shear force, the physical properties of the material change, from powder to paste. When the paste material is ejected from the die hole, under the strong pressure difference, the material is puffed, dehydrated, and cooled, resulting in a loose, porous, crispy structure, which has better palatability and flavor. favorite. From the biochemical process, the maximum temperature during extrusion is 130 ° C ~ 160 ° C. It can not only kill germs, microorganisms, eggs, improve health indicators, but also inactivate various harmful factors, improve feed quality, eliminate various harmful factors that contribute to material deterioration, and extend the shelf life.
The corn stalk hot spray feed processing technology is a similar composite treatment method. The difference is that the straw is charged into the thermal spray device, and the saturated steam is passed inwardly. After a certain time, the straw is subjected to high temperature and high pressure treatment, and then The sudden depressurization causes the treated straw to be ejected into the atmosphere, thereby changing its structure and certain chemical components, and improving the nutritional value of the straw feed. The straw that has been puffed and heat-sprayed can be directly fed to livestock and can also be pressed.
10 corn stalk pellet feed processing technology
The corn stover is dried and pulverized, then added with additives and mixed well, and extruded into a pellet feed by a grinding plate and a pressure roller in a pellet feeding machine. Due to the friction and heating during the processing, the internal ripening degree of the straw is deep, and the processed feed particles have a smooth surface, moderate hardness and uniform size, and the granule diameter can be adjusted between 3-12 mm as needed. It can also be applied to the complete equipment of pellet feed, which can automatically complete the functions of straw crushing, lifting, stirring and feeding. It can add various additives at any time, and it can be fully enclosed and produced with high degree of automation. Small and medium-sized corn straw pellet feed processing enterprises should use this technology. . In addition, there is a complete processing and production technology for straw concentrates suitable for large-scale feed production enterprises, and its automation control level is higher.
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